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Christian missionaries arrived to a Viking tribe society
829
The German bishop Ansgar introduces Christian
mission to Sweden (however travelers, captured wifes and slaves
had most probably made both Islam and Christianity known before).
1004 (ca)
King Olof Skötkonung was baptized, and made
Christianity the official religion of Sweden. Several pagan kings
followed him, though.
1104
With the first archbishop of Lund,
Scandinavia was made a separate church province, no longer
belonging to Hamburg.
1125
Norwegian "crusade" to Småland gave 1800 heads
of cattle.
1155
Bishop Henry in Uppsala resumes securing
(conquering) of Finland for Catholicism in a "crusade".
1164
A separate arch-bishopric for Sweden was instituted
in Uppsala.
Until 1152 the archbishop in the Scanian town Lund in
Denmark had been the primate for all of Norden.
1187
Estonians invade and burn Sigtuna.
13th century
After the example of the Scanian Law
(written down in circa 1210) also the Swedish provinces
(landskap) start to write
down their landskapslagar. 1240 the movement has reached
Västergötland, and Äldre Västgötalagen is written
down.
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The red color,
typical for Swedish buildings,
produced in the Falu copper mine
1226
Falu copper mine is opened.
1250
Stockholm becomes the capital, after Birka and
Sigtuna, founded by Birger Jarl, Earl of Sweden and 1250-1266
guardian for the under age King Valdemar.
1285
The Swedish King Magnus (Ladulås) claims
supremacy over Gotland. [ ...although some kind of
relationship between Gotland and the King of Sweden had been the
rule for a long time. ]
1290-1789
The king is supplemented by a State Council
with a chancellor (rikskansler), commander in chief
(riksmarsk), minister of Justice (riksdrots),
the bishops and some other peers.
1293
Viipuri/Viborg is established at/as the
eastern border of Sweden.
1306
King Birger is imprisoned by his brothers Duke
Valdemar and Duke Erik, the so called Håtunaleken.
1310-19
Sweden is split in three dutchies after the
peace in Helsingborg 1310.
1317
King Birger imprisons his brothers, at a Christmas
party, and let them starve to death (the so called Nyköpings
gästabud), but is forced to escape out of the country.
Crown-prince Magnus is assassinated.
1323-1471
Peace with Novgorod in Nöteborg /
Pähkinälinna. The borders of this peace lasted beyond year
1471 when the Grand-Duchess Moscow conquered Novgorod.
1319-1343
Personal union with Norway under King Magnus
Eriksson.
1332-1361
Also Gotland & Scania (including Bornholm,
Halland & Blekinge) are ruled by King Magnus Eriksson. At the
Thing in Lund the Scanian Archbishop and magnates had elected
Magnus Eriksson, the king of Norway and Sweden to become also king
of the Scanian provinces when he had come to age (16 years).
(Well, there were some debts the king's regent promised to pay in
return.)
1335
Slavery was abolished.
1344
St. Birgitta (1303-1373), an important opponent to
King Magnus and Sweden's most important medieval saint, starts to
write down her Heavenly Revelations and decides to start a convent in
Vadstena. The Brigittine Order exists even today in many
countries.
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The Plague came (to Norden in 1349)
1350
The Black Death (the Plague)
The first Swedish national law replaced the local
landskapslagar.
1361
The Danish King Valdemar Atterdag conquers
Gotland.
1362
Finland's status as an equal part of the realm is
confirmed by participation in election of king.
1388/97-1523
The Nordic kingdoms are united as the
"Kalmar Union", led by Denmark.
1434
The Engelbrecht rebellion against the Union-King's
export-endangering wars with German Counts and the Hansa. After
this the Union-Kings never regained authority in Sweden.
1477
Uppsala university founded; the oldest university
in the Nordic countries.
1520
Stockholm blood bath ignites Gustav Vasa's
rebellion.
1521
Gustav Vasa is elected regent.
1523
June, 6th, Gustav Vasa is elected king of
Sweden.
1526
The New Testament and hymnal is printed in the
Swedish language
- 1541 is the whole Bible ready
- 1551 the New Testament on Finnish.
1527
Reformation decided at the Diet of Västerås.
Printing of books is made a royal privilege.
Royal censure is enacted 1539, import control of books
1550.
1544
The Diet declares the monarchy hereditary. After
this the principle of all four Estates participating in the Diets
is firmly established.
1561
Estonia surrenders to Sweden.
1563-1864
Expulsion is the penalty for spread of beliefs
divergent from orthodox Lutheranism.
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King Erik XIV
1568
King Erik is imprisoned and 1577
poisoned.
1593
Lutheranism is confirmed by a Church meeting in
Uppsala.
1594-99
The Catholic Sigismund inherits the throne,
Sweden in civil war while in personal union with Poland.
1600
Linköping's blood bath.
1613
Academic printer established at the university
(Uppsala).
Sweden pays ransom for the fort at Älvsborg, where 1619 Gothenburg
is founded.
1614
Justice reform leads to royal courts of appeal in
Stockholm, Turku/Åbo (1623) and
Tartu/Dorpat (1630).
1617
Sweden gets the Kexholm province and Ingria
("Ingermanland") in the peace of Stolbova with
Russia.
Possession of printed propaganda from foreign powers gets
sentenced by death penalty.
1626
King Gustav II Adolf land on the European continent
to take part in the 30-years war.
1629
Poland cedes Livonia to Sweden in the peace of
Altmark.
1632
The university in Tartu/Dorpat is
founded. Gustav II Adolf is killed in the battle of
Lützen.
1640
The university in Turku/Åbo is
founded.
1645
Sweden gets Gotland, Saaremaa/Ösel,
Jämtland and Härjedalen from Denmark in the peace of
Brömsebro.
1648
In the peace treaty of Westphalia, Sweden wins the
German territories (Vorpommern, Rügen, Stettin, Wismar, and
Bremen-Verden) and becomes a major power.
1658
The peace treaty of Roskilde gives Sweden Bohuslän
and the Scanian provinces of Bornholm, Skåne, Blekinge and
Halland. Bornholm is returned to Denmark after an uprising 1660. The
Swedish territory of today is thereby collected.
1668
The university in Lund is founded.
1671-1675
Nobel masters have right to sentence their
employees.
1676
The battle at Lund.
1679
Gotland is annected by Sweden, followed by Blekinge
1680, Halland 1693 and Scania 1721.
1697
The Stockholm Castle ("Three Crowns") burns
down.
1700-21
The Great Northern War, with the battles at
Narva 1700 and Poltava 1709. Finland occupied.
Sweden loses Viipuri /Viborg on the Karelian isthmus, southern
Karelia, most of the German and all of the Baltic territories. The
power shifts from the king to the Estates.
1726-1858
Konventikelplakatet counteracts
Pietism by prohibiting religious meetings without ordained priests
(except for prayers and teachings inside the household in a strict
sense).
1742
Celsius designs a thermometer.
The Estates confirm the democratic forms for decisions at the
village meeting.
1756
A failed coup d'etat by the royal Court leads to
the king's function becoming less more than ceremonial.
1757
Storskifte, first reform of Swedish
farming decided.
1766
The liberty of Press and
"Offentlighetsprincipen" was declared as
constitution.
1771
Scheele discovers oxygen.
1772
Gustav III performs a coup and the Diet restores
the monarchy.
1773
Torture is abolished in Sweden.
1778
Freedom of religion for aliens make immigration of
Jews possible.
1789
The absolute monarchy is enforced - partly with
illegal methods, partly decided by a Diet.
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Carl Michael Bellman,
Sweden's most loved poet
1790-91
Bellman publishes the Fredman collections.
1792
Gustav III is assassinated at a masked ball.
1803
Enskifte, grand reform of farming enforced
in Scania. Villages were split into separate farms, so farmers
came to live closer to their land, more distant from their
neighbors. In 1807 this was introduced in the rest of
Sweden.
1808-09
The War of Finland: the whole of Finland
(extended also by a part of the northern county Norrbotten) aswell
as Åland, was joined to Russia. A new constitution is written that
puts an end to autocracy. "Offentlighetsprincipen" and
Freedom of Press get restored.
June 6, 1809
Duke Karl signs the new constitution.
1810
One of Napoleon's generals, Jean Baptiste
Bernadotte, is elected as the heir to the throne. Despite this Sweden
joins the British-led anti-Napoleon alliance. In 1818, he
becomes King Carl XIV Johan. As Crown Prince and King he put his
signum on Sweden's foreign policy, establishing the foundaments
for what would become Sweden's as yet almost 200 years period of
peace. The first premise was to accept Russia's position as The
Great Power of Northern Europe. Ideas to re-capture Finland were
not at all endorsed by Carl Johan, ideas to capture Norway on the
other hand were. During the last phases of the Napoleonic wars
Crown Prince Carl Johan led one of the larger armies on the North
European war theater. The Swedish contributions were however very modest.
1810-1832
Göta Kanal is built across Sweden from
Söderköping to Gothenburg.
1814-1905
Personal-union between Norway and Sweden after
a short war against Denmark, and an even shorter war against
Norway. That was the last time the Swedish army was at war.
1841
The parish meetings are reformed by law. It's
settled that also craftsmen, tradesmen and industrial workers
should have right to vote (if they earn enough).
1842
A national compulsory public education system,
"Folkskolan", is introduced, and is to be administrated
by the parishes, followed 1843 by law on municipal self
rule.
1845
Daughters get equal rights as sons to inherit land.
1848
The first Swedish Free Church congregation and
baptizing.
1848-51
Swedish troops are located to Jutland as support
for Denmark against a rebellion in Schleswig-Holstein. Prussia
supports the rebells. The Swedes are never participating in
military activities.
1853
Electric telegraph between Stockholm and
Uppsala.
1856
Railway between Örebro and Ervalla. Later the same
year the first state railway is opened between Malmö and
Lund.
1858
The prohibition of religious meetings in the
absence of a state church priest is abolished. 1860 it
became allowed for Swedish citizens to switch religious affiliation from
the State Church to certain other approved (Christian) Churches.
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The Estates refuse to live up to the promise by the
king to support Denmark when attacked by Prussia.
The obligation to yearly communion is abolished.
1866
The parliament is reformed. The system of the four
Estates is abandoned and a new system of two chambers is
introduced.
The right to vote remains dependent on income and gender.
1871
The parish meeting is reformed, majority decisions
are enforced instead of the former tradition of consensus,
disciplinary matters are to be decided by a committee.
1871-1940s
Sweden becomes very Germany-oriented, both
economically and culturally - in particular after Prussia's
military successes against Denmark, Austria and France.
1873-1914
Scandianvian (Sweden - Norway - Denmark)
currency and postal union.
1878
The metric system is introduced.
1896
Hjalmar Branting is elected the first Social
Democrat in parliament.
1901
First Nobel Prize award.
The universal military service is organized. All men become
trained for defense of the country.
1902
Railroad from Narvik at the Norwegian coast to
Kiruna where iron ore mines get exploit.
1905
Norway declares itself independent of the Swedish
king.
1906
Major spelling reform.
1907
Men get equal rights to vote.
1909
Strike by 300'000 Swedish workers, but no
revolution.
1912
Olympic Games in Stockholm.
1913
Law on public pension.
1914
Public demands of rearmament of the fleet leads
King Gustav V to approve a demonstration march
(bondetåget) in a public speech (borggårdstalet)
without the consent of the Cabinet Council. The parliamentarian
cabinet resigns and an anti-parliamentarian cabinet under Hjalmar
Hammarskjöld is in function February 1914 - March
1917.
1917
A rather large faction of revolutionary Social
Democrats leaves the party as it turns out the Reformists, led by
Per Albin Hansson, are in majority. The chairman of the Social
Democrats, Hjalmar Branting, pays a visit to S:t Petersburg to study the
February Revolution. Meanwhile Lenin travels from Switzerland to S:t
Petersburg and makes a stop in Stockholm. They never meet.
Fearing the country being on the verge of
revolution (as also in contemporary Finland, Russia and
Germany) the King and the power elite of well-to-do industrialists and land
owners chose to accept democratic reforms and handing over
governmental power to a Cabinet of Liberals and Social Democrats
reflecting the majority of the Parliament. In retrospect this ment
a real shift of power: The King withdrew from the
government and has ever since acted as a purely ceremonial Head of State, the
Social Democrats were not any longer seen as somehow illegitimate
or immature and has every since remained the leading political
force, although outside of the Cabinet during a few shorter
periods. Reformists gained a stronghold in the Social Democrats,
and revolutionary movements have got very limited support in
Sweden after 1917.
1918
A Swedish troop of 600 man intervene on Åland,
attempting to mediate when the civil war of Finland led to Finnish
troops fighting on Åland. The Finnish and Swedish troops leave
after a German fleet had approached.
As in most other European democratic countries, the
parliamentarians fancy disposing the Cabinets as often as they get a
chance. The turbulence lasts until 1932, after the world wide
depression, when Strong Leaders gains popularity all over Europe.
In Sweden this strong leadership is taken by the Social Democrats
who are to control Cabinet formation until 1976.
1923
A proposition to prohibit alcoholic beverages is
narrowly defeated in a referendum.
The Conservative Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Hederstierna
resigns after having suggested a defense alliance with Finland in
a speech at a dinner at which too much of inebriating refreshments
must have been served.
1938
Swedish employees get minimum two weeks of
yearly paid vacation (semester).
1944
The ferry Hansa en route between Stockholm and
Gotland was sank by a Soviet submarin. 84 passengers drowned.
1948
Count Folke Bernadotte was (assassinated in Jerusalem by
a Jewish terrorist organization (lead by Yitzhak Shamir) when
mediating between Jews and Arabs.
1951
General right for members of the state Church to
submit one's resignation. General freedom of religion for Swedish
citizen.
1953
A Swedish computer, BESK, is for a time the fastest
in the world.
1957
A referendum supports a Social Democratic proposal
for mandatory participation in a retiring allowance scheme with
minimal funds. The alternative was a voluntary funding system. 40
years later a mandatory funding system is decided.
1958
Right for women to be ordained as priests in the State Church
(until 1982 combined with a right for male priests to abstain from
working together with female priests).
First in 1997 the first femle bishop is ordained.
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Dag Hammarskjöld
1961
The aircraft of Dag Hammarskjöld, the
UN secretary general, is shot down during mediating in Africa.
1964
Bar prohibition revoked. Public establishment did
no longer lose their licence if they served alcoholic beverages to
guests who hadn't ordered food. (The rationing of alcohol was
abolished already in 1956.)
1965-77 it was also legal to sell beer
(mellanöl) in ordinary supermarkets.
1971
The Riksdag becomes unicameral. Parliamentarism is
written into the constitution.
1975
the king loses his political influence (including
formation of the cabinet).
1976
The right of "ethnic, linguistic and religious
minorities to preserve and develop a cultural and social life of
their own" is added to the constitution.
1979
Referendum says nuclear power is to be
liquidated.
1981
A Russian submarine runs aground in the Blekinge
archipelago.
1986
The prime minister Olof Palme is assassinated
Feb 28.
April 26th nuclear radiation is discovered outside of the nuclear
plant Forsmark to the north of Stockholm. After some time it turns
out to come from Ukraine, but large areas of Sweden are struck, with
slaughter of reindeers and restrictions against using wild berries
and mushrooms for many following years.
1994
The ferry Estonia sank in Åland's sea. About 900
drowned.
A referendum narrowly supports joining of the European Union.
As of January 1st 1995 Sweden became a full member of
the EU.
ca 990 Erik (the victorious)
ca 995-1020 Olof Skötkonung, baptized as a Christian in 1008
ca 1019-50 Anund Jakob
competing magnates:
ca 1050-60 Emund den gamle (the old)
ca 1160 Stenkil
ca 1066-80 Halsten
ca 1080 Blotsven
ca 1080-1110 Inge the elder
ca 1110-18 Filip
ca 1118-20 Inge the younger
ca 1130 Ragnvald
ca 1135-56 Sverker the elder
ca 1158-60 Erik IX den helige (Eric the holy)
1160-67 Karl VII Sverkersson
1167-96 Knut Eriksson
1196-1208 Sverker Karlsson the younger
1208-16 Erik X Knutsson
1216-22 Johan Sverkersson
1222-29 Erik XI Eriksson läspe och halte (lisp and limp)
1229-34 Knut Holmgersson den långe (the long)
1234-49 Erik XI Eriksson läspe och halte (lisp and limp)
1250-66 Birger Jarl, earl (regent de-facto) of Sweden
1250-75 Valdemar Birgersson, under age until 1266
1275-90 Magnus Birgersson Ladulås
1290-1310 Birger Magnusson, appointed 1284, under age until 1298
1310-1321 Birger Magnusson (part of the realm), dethroned by rebells in 1318
1290-1306 Torgils Knutsson (marsk, regent de-facto)
1290-1298 Duke Erik Magnusson (regent de-jure)
1310-1317 Duke Erik Magnusson (part of the realm)
1310-1317 Duke Valdemar Magnusson (part of the realm)
1318-20 Magnus Birgersson, appointed 1304, dethroned and killed
1319-62 Magnus Eriksson, under age until 1332.
1357-59 Erik Magnusson (most of the realm)
1362-64 Håkon of Norway
1364-89 Albreckt of Mecklenburg
the Kalmar Union:
1388-1412 Margareta/Margrethe Queen of Norway (regent of the Kalmar Union)
1396-1434 Erik of Pommerania (king of the Kalmar Union)
1434-36 Engelbrecht (elected rikshövitsman [supreme commander of the Realm])
1436-40 Karl Knutsson Bonde (regent of Sweden)
1440-48 Kristoffer of Bavaria (king of the Kalmar Union)
1448-57 Karl Knutsson Bonde (king of Sweden)
1457-64 Kristian I (king of the Kalmar Union 1448-1481)
1464 Karl Knutsson Bonde (king of Sweden)
1464-66 Erik Axelsson (regent of Sweden)
1467-70 Karl Knutsson Bonde (king of Sweden)
1471-97 Sten Sture the elder (regent of Sweden)
1497-1501 Hans (king of the Kalmar Union 1481-1513)
1501-03 Sten Sture the elder (regent of Sweden)
1504-11 Svante Nilsson Sture (regent of Sweden)
1512-20 Sten Sture the younger (regent of Sweden)
1520-21 Kristian II (king of the Kalmar Union 1513-1523)
Vasa:
1521-23 Gustav Eriksson Vasa (regent of Sweden)
1523-60 Gustav I (Eriksson) Vasa (king of Sweden)
1560-68 Erik XIV [ dethroned ]
1568-92 Johan III
1592-99 Sigismund III Vasa of Poland and Sweden [ dethroned ]
1599-1604 Johan, under age [ abdicated 1604 ]
1604-11 Karl IX [ appointed to king by the Estates in 1600 ]
1611-32 Gustav II Adolf
1632-54 Kristina, under age until 1644 [ abdicated ]
Pfalz:
1654-60 Karl X Gustav
1660-97 Karl XI, under age until 1672
1697-1718 Karl XII
1719-20 Ulrika Eleonora [ abdicated ]
1720-51 Fredrik I [ consort of Queen Ulrika Eleonora ]
Holstein-Gottorp:
1751-71 Adolf Fredrik
1771-92 Gustav III
1792-1809 Gustav IV Adolf, under age until 1796 [ dethroned ]
1809-18 Karl XIII
Bernadotte:
1818-44 Karl XIV Johan
1844-59 Oscar I
1859-72 Karl XV
1872-1907 Oscar II
1907-50 Gustaf V
1950-73 Gustaf VI Adolf
1973- Carl XVI Gustaf
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